Nature-Based Engineering: A Review on Reducing Coastal Flood Risk With Mangroves

Integration of mangroves in projects to reduce coastal flood risk is increasingly being recognised as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. In addition the construction conventional hard protection infrastructure, not only contribute attenuating events ( functionality ), they also recover in, adapt to, changing climate persistence ). The implementation reduction, however, remains complex. This because innate depend on range environmental conditions. Importantly, may collapse when impacts or climatic changes exceed key system thresholds, bringing uncertainty into situation where failure could endanger lives livelihoods. uncertainties mangrove can be dealt with by (1) improving insights how ecological physical processes affect across scales, (2) advancing tools accurately assess predict persistence, (3) adopting an adaptive management approach combined appropriate engineering interventions enhance persistence. Here, we review existing evidence, monitoring techniques modelling approaches from viewpoint Inspired guidelines for Nature-based Solutions (NbS) risk, provide operationalization this new approach. addition, identify further research efforts are required practical application management. Key aspects variability their recovery mechanisms, which greatly site- storm-specific. We propose five characteristic damage regimes that result increasing reductions well post-storm periods. Further quantification these thresholds successful integration Ultimately, challenge development strategies optimise long-term resilience. Such should informed continued assessments, based supported through well-established guidelines.